CC+and+OC+Notes

//Classical// = an association is made between two stimuli
 * A Review of Classical and Operant Conditioning **
 * Types of Learning: **

//Operant// = an association made between a behavior and a consequence

//Observational// = behavior is the result of imitation or experience

**A comparison of classical and operant conditioning**

__ Classical Conditioning: (PAVLOV) __

// Acquisition // : Learning begins with an association between a CS and a UCS (The bell introduces the food and the dog salivates to the bell only)

// Extinction // : The behavior stops when the CS no longer introduces the UCS. (The dog no longer salivates to the sound of the bell since no food is presented with the bell)

// Spontaneous // The behavior resumes when the CS again is presented with the UCS after //Recovery:// extinction and a rest period. (The dog again salivates to the bell alone)

// Generalization // : A CR occurs to any stimulus that is similar to the original CS. (The dog responds to any bell similar to the one first presented).

// Discrimination // : A CR only occurs to a certain stimuli even if similar to the original CS (The dog only responds to certain bells or the first one presented)

__ Operant Conditioning: (SKINNER) __

// Acquisition // : Learning occurs when a behavior is rewarded or punished. (A child is given a dollar for a good grade.)

// Extinction // : The behavior stops when the consequences stop (The child stops making good grades since there is no reward.)

// Spontaneous // The behavior resumes after extinction and a rest period when a consequence is again // Recovery // : presented with the behavior. (The child resumes making good grades fro getting a dollar.)

// Generalization // : The behavior occurs to any reward similar to the original reward. (The child makes good grades for a dollar or a quarter)

// Discrimination // : The behavior occurs only to the original reward. (The child makes good grades for a dollar, but not for a quarter)


 * Important terms associated with Operant Conditioning: **

Shaping

Latent Learning

Cognitive Maps

Overjustification Effect


 * A COMPARISON OF REINFORCEMENT VS. PUNISHMENT **


 * || ** Reinforcement (encourages a behavior) **  ||  ** Punishment (discourages a behavior) **  ||
 * ** Positive (giving something) ** ||   A piece of candy for buckling seatbelt   ||   A spanking for not buckling your seatbelt   ||
 * ** Negative (taking something away) ** ||   The buzzing sound stops when you buckle your seatbelt   ||   Time Out for not buckling your seltbelt   ||

Reinforcement can be __primary__ (innately satisfying; chocolate) or __secondary__ (learned to be satisfying, money). It can also be __continuous__ or __partial__ (intermittent)

** Partial Schedules of Reinforcement **

__ Ratio schedules (numbers) vs. Interval schedules (timing __ )

// Fixed ratio // : rewards offered after a set number of responses. (Being paid per item you sew, factory quotas)

// Variable ratio: // rewards offered after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machines, hitting in a batting cage)

// Fixed interval: // rewards offered after a fixed time period. (semester grades, monthly paychecks)

// Variable interval: // rewards offered after varying time periods. (pop quizzes, arrival of the mail, fishing)

** Observational Learning (BANDURA) **

// Prosocial Behavior // : imitating positive behaviors (role modeling)

// Antisocial Behavior // : imitating negative behaviors (Bobo Doll Experiment)